General Information & Selected Studies

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Sunshine Vitamin May Make You Brighter
Getting more of the "sunshine vitamin" may make you brighter later in life, according to a published study that bolsters evidence vitamin D may help older people stay mentally fit. The findings also raise the prospect that people who do not get enough of the vitamin could use supplements to keep the brain fully functioning as they age, David Lee and colleagues at the University of Manchester reported. "At the population level, we are talking about large numbers of people. If there is a link it could potentially have a significant effect," Lee, who led the study, said in a telephone interview. "It is so easy to rectify with supplementation."

Vitamin D, produced by the body when skin is exposed to sunlight, is also found in certain foods such as oily fish. It helps cells absorb calcium and is important for bone health. Recent studies have also indicated vitamin D may protect against cancer, artery disease and tuberculosis.

While others have suggested a link with mental ability, the findings so far have been inconsistent, Lee and colleagues reported in the Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. The researchers compared the cognitive performance of more than 3,000 European men aged 40 to 79 and found those with low vitamin D levels did more poorly on a task designed to test mental agility. The findings are some of the strongest evidence yet of such a link because of the size of the study and because the researchers adjusted for a number of lifestyle factors believed to affect mental ability when older, Lee said.

"We were able to take into account their educational level, their depression, their levels of physical activity and measures of physical performance," he said. "When we adjusted for all these other health and lifestyle factors we still found that there was a link between vitamin D and the cognitive outcome."

The researchers do not know exactly how vitamin D and mental agility may be connected, but said possible suggestions include the vitamin's role in increasing certain hormonal activity or the protection of neurons in the brain. They also stressed their findings should not spur people to bask in the sun, which can increase the risk of skin cancer.
(Reuters, May 21, 2009)

Many Americans Still Vitamin D Deficient
According to a meta-analysis of 12 double-blind randomized controlled trials, higher doses of vitamin D are associated with a lower risk of bone fracture in older adults. The study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, concluded that non-vertebral fracture prevention with vitamin D is dose dependent, and a higher dose should reduce fractures by at least 20% for individuals aged 65 years or older. The review also hoped to determine whether the presence of calcium, along with vitamin D, would have a noticeable effect. The researchers found that vitamin D is effective with or without calcium supplementation. In a separate study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that three out of four Americans have vitamin D levels below what is necessary for optimal health.

"We found a marked increase in vitamin D deficiency over the past two decades," said lead researcher Dr. Adit Ginde, an assistant professor of surgery at the University Of Colorado Denver School Of Medicine. "Over three out of every four Americans now have vitamin D levels below what we believe is necessary for optimal health. African-Americans and Hispanics are at particularly high risk—nearly all have suboptimal levels." Doctors associated with the study recommended more sunlight and a vitamin D dose above 200 IUs per day for proper vitamin D levels. They also recommended a dose of more than 400 IUs for adults over 65 years.
(Nutrition Business Journal, March 31, 2009)

Vitamin C May Lower Your Risk of Developing Arthritis
Just in case you needed one more reason to take your vitamin C supplement tomorrow morning, a new study that links high vitamin C intake levels with lower arthritis risk should encourage you. The study was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine and found that consuming more vitamin C may help reduce the risk of developing gout (a painful form of arthritis). The analysis was based on a study of almost 47,000 men who regularly consumed vitamin C between 1986 and 2006.

The study found that for every 500 mg increase in vitamin C intake, the risk for gout fell 17%. More than 1,300 of the research subjects developed gout. Compared with those whose vitamin C intake through food and supplements was less than 250 milligrams a day, the risk for gout was 17% lower among men with a daily intake of 500 to 999 milligrams, 34% lower for those who took in 1,000 to 1,499 milligrams, and 45% lower with a daily intake of 1,500 milligrams or more. Vitamin C appears to reduce levels of uric acid in the blood, according to Dr. Hyon Choi, lead author of the report. If untreated, the compound can form crystal deposits around joints, leading to the symptoms associated with gout.

"Given the general safety profile associated with vitamin C intake, particularly in the generally consumed ranges as in the present study (e.g., tolerable upper intake level of vitamin C of less than 2,000 milligrams in adults according to the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine), vitamin C intake may provide a useful option in the prevention of gout," Choi concluded.
(Nutrition Business Journal, March 9, 2009)

News Looking Up For B Vitamins
In the first randomized trial linking B vitamins to age-related macular degeneration, researchers have discovered that women who take a daily dose of B vitamins are significantly less likely to develop AMD, a serious vision problem that affects more than a million Americans. Results of the double-blind trial were published February 23 in the Archives of Internal Medicine. The research is an offshoot of Harvard Medical School's Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study, which tracked 5,442 female health care professionals, age 40 or older, who had or were at high risk for heart disease. During a 7.3-year time frame, study participants received either a placebo or a combination of folic acid (2.5 milligrams a day), vitamin B6 (50 milligrams a day) and vitamin B12 (1 milligram a day). At the end of the trial, participants who received the B vitamin cocktail had a 34% lower risk of developing any AMD and a 41% lower risk of developing visually significant AMD.

AMD is a degenerative retinal disease that leaves the sufferer with only peripheral vision. According to the Macular Degeneration Association, AMD is the leading cause of legal blindness in Americans older than 55. About 1.75 million Americans have AMD—a number that is expected to almost double to 3 million by 2020, as baby boomers age.
(The Natural Foods Merchandiser, February 25, 2009)

Vitamin Use May Prevent Hearing Loss
A newly released study shows that vitamin supplements appear to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in lab animals. According to researchers, the finding suggests that it may be possible to create a pill that protects against noise-induced and even age-related hearing loss in humans. Two studies found that giving supplements containing the antioxidants beta carotene, vitamins C and E, and the mineral magnesium to test animals before they were exposed to a loud noise prevented both temporary and permanent hearing loss. The findings were presented at the Association for Research in Otolaryngology annual meeting.

"What is appealing about this vitamin 'cocktail' is that previous studies in humans, including those demonstrating successful use of these supplements in protecting eye health, have shown that supplements of these particular vitamins are safe for long-term use," University of Florida researcher Colleen Le Prell, senior author of the studies, said in a news release.

About 26 million Americans have noise-induced hearing loss, according to the U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, which funded the two studies. Temporary noise-induced hearing loss typically goes away after a few hours or days as cells in the inner ear heal, but repeated noise-induced temporary hearing loss can lead to permanent hearing loss. Le Prell and colleagues believe that prevention of temporary hearing loss may help prevent permanent hearing loss.
(HealthDay, February 19, 2009)

Vitamin D Makes a Comeback
Despite all the clamoring over what is fresh and new, functional-foods and supplements developers are lighting up over an old favorite: vitamin D.

Inklings of a possible connection between vitamin D and cancer first appeared back in 1941 when Dr. Frank Apperly analyzed North American cancer statistics and found that the closer a person lived to the equator, the lower his or her cancer risk.
In the 68 years since, dozens of studies have shown that people living at higher latitudes have higher rates of everything from Hodgkin's lymphoma to colon, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian and breast cancers.
We now know that the magic of sunlight is not so much the sunlight itself, but rather how the skin converts this light into vitamin D. Just how crucial vitamin D may be to human health became even clearer in 2008, as study after study came out documenting its benefits on everything from cancer to dermatitis to heart disease.

"Vitamin D will be strong in 2009," says Loren Israelsen, executive director of the United Natural Products Alliance and president of the Salt Lake City-based LDI Group consultancy. "Almost everyone is taking too little."
(The Natural Foods Merchandiser, January 5, 2009)

Dietary Insurance: A Daily Multivitamin
If you eat a healthy diet, do you need to take vitamins? Not long ago, the answer from most experts would have been a resounding "no". Today, though, there's good evidence that taking a daily multivitamin makes sense for most adults.
A standard multivitamin supplement doesn't come close to making up for an unhealthy diet. It provides a dozen or so of the vitamins known to maintain health, a mere shadow of what's available from eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Instead, a daily multivitamin provides a sort of nutritional safety net. Relatively few people get enough of five key vitamins, which include folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and vitamin E.
(Nutrition Source, Vitamins, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 2003)

Daily Vitamin Dose Could Cut Medicare Costs
You may not want to forget the apple, but a new report claims that if older Americans take a multivitamin a day, they may be able to keep health-care costs at bay. An economic impact study by a national health care consulting company, The Lewin Group, determined that increased daily intake of a multivitamin by older adults could save Medicare more than $1.6 billion over five years.

"The available evidence most strongly supports the beneficial effects of multivitamins in improved immune functioning and a reduction in the relative risk of heart disease," the report concludes. The Lewin Group used Medicare claims for 2001 as the basis for how much money could be saved. "Potential savings would be achieved through a reduction in hospitalizations for infection and heart attacks, a reduction in Medicare nursing home stays for infection, and a reduction in home health care associated with infection (pneumonia)," the researchers say.

They analyzed 128 clinical studies and other sources and concluded that older adults who take a daily multivitamin can reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease by 24 percent and improve their immune system function. The study estimated that in 2004 it would cost approximately $149 million to provide each American over age 65 with a daily multivitamin. But the health benefits offered by multivitamins would reduce the costs of nursing home stays, hospitalizations and home health care associated with pneumonia, sepsis and other infections by about $83 million. There would be another $215 million in savings in 2004 due to lower hospital admissions from cardiac disease, including heart attacks, the study says. Over five years, the total savings in Medicare costs were estimated to be $1.6 billion. Only about one-third of Americans take a daily multivitamin. And many fall one-third to one-half short of getting their daily dosage of vitamins recommended by the American Dietetic Association, the study notes. It also says that even if Medicare paid for daily multivitamins, at least 15 percent of American seniors would not take them every day.
(HealthDayNews, Thursday, October 9, 2003)

Multivitamins and Public Health: Exploring The Evidence
An invited panel of multidisciplinary thought leaders reviewed the current state of the science and discussed the roles multivitamins play in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases, as well as their role in immunity and public health. They came to the following conclusions:

Most Americans do not get optimal amounts of key micronutrients through diet alone, despite the evidence that poor nutritional status increases the risk of birth defects, and infectious and chronic disease
Daily multivitamins should be recommended to close this nutritional gap
Multivitamins are safe, affordable, cost-effective, and accessible
There is promising evidence supporting multivitamin use, thus making it prudent to recommend that all adults take a multivitamin

“Despite our efforts to maintain a healthy diet, research indicates most of us fall short of getting the vitamins and minerals we need,” said David Herber, M.D., Ph.D., director of the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition and a co-chair of Multivitamins and Public Health. “A daily multivitamin is a simple and cost-effective way to help ensure good health.”
(Press Release, The Lewin Group, Washington, October 2, 2003)